The most important composition character within a plant breeding program is to have type and amount of genetic diversity. In addition to using a visual approach and genetic tools to discern plant variation, application of statistical methods can be utilized to screen and classify genetic differences among plants within a plant population. A was study set up as a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten different dill (Anethuprogrammm graveolens) germplasms. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (a = 0.01) among germplasms regarding the plant characters. Results elucidated the existence of great morphological/phytochemical variation among these germplasms. Application of principle components analysis has led the germplasms into four main classes based on the characters growth performance. Although, germplasms have geographically different growing conditions, some of those classified in a similar group according to their growing and plant diversity. Further analysis could categorize some of germplasms such as Varamin, Hamadan and Dezful into a distinct group having the highest rate of Carvon concentration in their tissues, especially in the seeds.

Crown gall caused by Agrobacterium spp. has been observed in various crop species and in several provinces of Iran in recent years. In an attempt to identify the Agrobacterium species causing the disease in different areas of the country, strains were isolated from various infected crop species and characterized by phenotypic features, electrophoretic profile of cell proteins and BOX IR fingerprinting.On the basis of their phenotypic features, the strains were differentiated into three separate groups. The phenotypic characteristics of the first group of strains were closely similar to those of A. tumefaciens (Rhizobium tumefaciens). Members of the second group, isolated from infected grapevines were also identified as A. tumefaciens. Strains of the third group were phenotypically different from all described species, but appeared to be more similar to A. tumefaciens. These strains were not able to grow on any of the selective media tested and displayed a limited host range, infecting mainly sweet cherry All strains had a similar plasmid profile. The electrophoretic profile of cell proteins of the strains was different, although some similarity of the pattern was noted in the high-molecular weight region. In fingerprinting using BOX IR primer, a high level of heterogeneity was observed, nonetheless two major groups were differentiated. Phenotypic features appeared to be reliable criteria in identification of Agrobacterium species encountered in this study.

The linkage between sustainable agriculture, poverty and agricultural extension efforts and their impacts on rural centers in Behbahan Shahrestan has been discussed in this paper. Data were collected from 200 farmers in 40 villages of this Shahrestan. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting villages and farmers. The findings of Path analysis in three different causal models provide the complexity of relationships between variables and environmental degradation so that there is a causal relationship between poverty and unsustainability. Lack of direct causal effect of use of technology and extension efforts on sustainability in three models indicated the structural and institutional limitations of extension in diffusion of appropriate technologies. Finally, recommendations regarding regional planning with respect to socio-economic characteristics and changing from TOT approach to other alternatives and revising the education programs of extension agents are provided.

Background and objectives: Black cumin is a dicot herbs, herbaceous annual that belongs to the Buttercup family. It has been reported that this plant is native to West Asia, with Middle East and the India subcontinent origin. Previous studies in black cumin showed that seed yield had positive significant correlation with biomass, seeds per follicle, seed per plant, plant height, 1000 seed weight, number of stem branch and harvest index. Variation in black cumin ecotypes is a good source for study of the relationships among yield and its components and breeding program. This study aimed to investigate grain yield potential in different Iranian black cumin ecotypes, the relationship between yield and its components, and to determine the most effective traits on yield. Materials and methods: In order to study the diversity, correlation coefficients and Path analysis of traits related to yield, 16 Iranian black cumin ecotypes were collected form Ahvaz, Bojnoord, Dasthe moghan, Gonbad, Gorgan, Jovian, Kashmar, Kerman, Marivan, Mashhad, Oromieh, Sabzevar, Saravan, Shirvan, Zabol and Zahedan. These ecotypes were cultivated in randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Agricultural University of Shirvan. Day to begin of flowering, 50% of flowering, end of flowering, height, number of stem branches, number of follicles per plant, weight of follicle, number of seeds per follicle, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, harvest index and seed yield were evaluated. Means of treatments were compared using Duncan’ s multiple range tests in 0. 01 percent level. Path analysis was performed for seed yield performance based on selected characters by stepwise multivariate regression method. For data analysis software R, Statistica V8 and JMP V4 were used. Results: Based on the analysis of variance, ecotype effect was significant for all traits. Mashhad and Zahedan ecotypes had the highest and Oromieh ecotype had the lowest days to flowering. Mashhad and Gorgan had the highest seed yield with 1131 and 272. 7 kg/ha respectively. The correlation of seed yield with the number of follicles per plant, biomass plant, weight of follicle, number of branches and harvest index were positive and significant. Cluster analysis of ecotypes of different regions in different categories showed that there is not a good match between genetic diversity and geographic diversity. Stepwise regression analysis showed that about 68. 5% of the seed yield variation explained by number of capsules per plant. Then the biomass, 1000 seed weight and day to 50% flowering, which were entered into the model, which explained 4, 6. 2 and 1. 2% of the seed yield variation, respectively. In Path analysis, the number of capsules per plant had the highest direct effect on seed yield(0. 59**) and the highest indirect effect of biomass effected by the number of capsules per plant(0. 395). Conclusion: Results showed that there was high genetic diversity among black cumin ecotypes for use in breeding programs, so they can be used to select the desired agronomic characteristics for developing new cultivar. In black cumin, the number of capsules per plant and seed weight had major contributions on yield and hence selection for these traits can possibly lead to improvement in yield of black cumin.

Purpose: Resilience in start-ups is a challenging issue that has caught the attention of policymakers and business owners. The present study is an attempt to provide a model for designing the resilience model of start-up businesses as a Path to the future of start-up businesses. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose and from the perspective of data collection is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis method. The data collection method is semi-structured interview. Interviews with participants continued until they reached the theoretical saturation point, which was achieved by conducting 15 interviews. Participants were selected by snowball and purposeful method and data analysis was done through three coding steps (open, axial, selective) with MAXQDA2020 software. Findings: Based on the research results, the components of "cognitive resilience, financial resilience, adaptive resilience" as well as the effective organizational factors of "precedent, drivers and boys and resilience consequences" were identified. In this research, foresight and futures studies were identified as the drivers of resilience of start-up businesses. Conclusion: Resilience enables businesses to respond effectively to the dynamic conditions of their environment and maximize their competencies through strategic foresight and as a result gain more value than their competitors in the field of business. In this regard, the integration of foresight in the process of business resilience can be suggested as a facilitator of drivers.

Objective(s): To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different factors on fertility using the Path analysis.Methods: Data were obtained from the research project ''Evaluating the effective elements on the tempo and quantum of fertility in Mazandaran Province in year 2000'', and by a questionnaire containing three sections (demographics, fertility data and family planning). This was a descriptive-analytic study and sampling was performed by a two-stage random procedure. A total of 1343 families were initially included in the study. The research targeted married women aged 10-54 years. We used Path analysis to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals for the following set of factors: mothers' age, mothers' education, duration of marriage, age at marriage, and mothers' age at her first pregnancy.Results: In total 1137 women participated in the study. The duration of marriage showed the strongest positive direct effect on fertility (r=0.428); the second strongest positive effect belonged to mothers' age (r=0.203). Mothers' education had the most powerful negative direct effect (r=-0.182). Mothers' age also had the strongest indirect effect (r=0.437), while mothers' education showed the greatest negative indirect effect (r=-0.153). All of the calculated effects were statistically significant (P-Value <0.001).Conclusion: This research illustrated the powerful effect of mothers' education on fertility. There is a potential for effective birth control through modification of factors that have a strong influence on fertility. It is difficult to change all of the factors at once, thus as a first step it might be better to concentrate on duration of marriage and mothers' education.

Introduction: Garlic is native to central Asia, with a three thousand years history of human consumption and use. Global consumption has increased fourfold during the 24-years period from 1989 to 2013. Area under garlic cultivation, average yield/ha and total production of the world were 1, 468, 811 ha, 18, 092 kg/ha and 26, 573, 001 tons, respectively in 2016; and China produces about 80% of world garlic production. The maximum global record has been registered at 2012 with an average bulb yield of 45, 270 tons per hectare belongs to Uzbekistan. The area under cultivation of this plant in Iran is about 9000 hectares with an average yield of 10 tons per hectare. Garlic has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine, and these characteristics are affected by sulfur compounds. Alliin (C6H11NO3S) with 177. 22 molecule weight is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the alliinase enzyme, which contains pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), cleaves alliin, generating allysulfenic acid, pyruvate (C3H4O3), and ammonium (NH3). At room temperature two moles of allysulfenic acid as an unstable and highly reactive compound that through a dehydration reaction form one mole of allicin (C6H10OS2) with 162. 26 molecule weight, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. In general, alliinase needs few minutes time to effect on every two molecules of alliin to form one molecule of allicin, two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of ammonium. The generated allicin is unstable and quickly breaks down, for example during sixteen hours at 23° C it converts to a series of other sulfur-containing compounds such as diallyl disulfide. Allicin is part of a common defense mechanism in garlic plants against pest attacks. It is produced and activated after causing physical injuries. Iranian garlic has a good flavor, while with the exception of Mazand cultivar so far there is no other introduced bred cultivar. In this effort, diversity of agromorphological traits, bulb yield and allicin content of some Iranian landraces were studied to breed promising cultivar/s by single-bulb selection method for Hamedan climatic condition. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in 2015-16 agronomy season at the Agricultural Research, Education and Natural Resources Center of Hamedan Province Located about 6 km north of Hamedan at the altitude of 1740 meters above sea level, longitude 48° , 52̍ E, latitude 34° , 52̍ N. The soil texture of the test site was loam with 24. 4, 40. 6 and 35 percent of clay, silt and sand, respectively. The soil tillage operation included plowing with the moldboard plow, disc and leveler. The furrow and stack were created with a width of 50 cm. Nine landraces from Hamedan province (Maryanaj, Bahar, Sheverin, Soolan, Toyserkan, Heidareh, Toeen, Hossein Abad and Ali Abad, and other nine ones from Gorgan (Golestan), Oromyeh (West Azarbaijan), Arak (Markazi), Bardsir (Kerman), Amol (Mazandaran), Ramhormoz (Khuzestan), Isfahan (Isfahan), Tarom (Zanjan) and Zabol (Sistan) cultivated on plots having 2 ridges with 4 meters long. Two rows were planted on the ridge with 25 and 10 cm spacing between rows and plants on the row, respectively (40 plant m-2). Bulb planting was carried out on November 17th, and first irrigation was rain-fed on 18th and 19th of November, with 19 and 9. 9 mm rain, respectively, and during the fall and winter seasons, all water requirements were met through precipitation. Different landraces germinated from March 12th to March 16th. Pressure irrigation system was installed by re-growing in spring and plants were irrigated every seven to 10 days, depend on air temperature severity, until June 5th. Harvesting of different landraces was carried out by hands from June 26th to July 6th. Evaluated traits for each plot included weight of 30 seed clove, date of germination and maturity, number of plant per plot, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids content of leaf, chlorophyll index by SPAD, relative water content of leaf, bulb yield, and weight of 30 produced clove, total pyruvic acid, and non-enzymatic pyruvic acid. The evaluated traits for five normal random plants (healthy plants on both sides, and on the opposite side of cultivation lines adjacent to the healthy plant) of each plot were including height, crown diameter, number of leaf, number of fallen leaf, length and width and leaf area, dry weight of plant leaf, dry weight of plant root (to a radius of five centimeters around the bulb) height and width and length of bulb, dry matter of bulb, number of skin layers, number and weight of clove, dry matter percentage. Assessment were also considered based on traits such as, moisture percentage of bulb, leaf area index, sum of chlorophyll a and b, loss weight of cuddle, harvest index, sphericity coefficient of bulb, total number of plant leaf, days number of germination to maturity, enzymatic pyruvic acid and allicin. Traits measurements were done based on "Descriptors for Allium". To measure pyruvic acid, 25 g of cloves with 25 ml of water were completely homogeneous in a mixer and passed through a filter paper after ten minutes. Ten ml of filtrated extract was increased into 100 ml volume with water and a half-milliliter of it was taken and added to 1. 5 ml of 5% trichloroacetic acid solution, and after one hour, 18 ml of water was added to sample. Then one ml of resulting solution and each standard solution were transferred to separate test tubes. One ml of water and dinitrophenyl hydrazine 0. 0125%, were added to each sample, and were heated in bain-marie bath at 37° C for ten minutes. At the end, by adding five ml of 0. 6% normal caustic soda to the test tubes, the concentration of samples were determined in the presence of standard solutions (0. 01, 0. 225, 0. 05, 0. 1 and 0. 2 μ mol / ml sodium pyruvate) at 420 nm wavelength using spectrophotometer Pharmacia-Biotech model Novaspec II. To assess non-enzymatic pyruvate activity, alinase enzyme must become inactivated, so 40 to 60 grams of garlic clove is initially heated in microwave at 900 watts for three seconds for every gram of sample (120 to 180 seconds). To find relationship between variables, the correlation coefficients between them were calculated. The study of the relationship between traits with bulb yield and alicin yield was done by stepwise regression method. Causal relationships and direct and indirect effects of traits on bulb and allicin were determined by Path analysis method. Analysis of variance, mean comparison of traits by LSD method at 1% probability level, correlation determination, stepwise regression analysis and cluster analysis were done by Minitab software version 17. 3. 1, while Microsoft Word and Excel 2003 softwares were used to draw the graphs and Path analysis, respectively. Results and Discussion: The results shown that Iranian garlic landraces have noticeable diversity of agromorphological traits, such as weight of 30 seed clove from 21 (Ramhormoz landrace) to 177 g (Hossein Abad landrace), bulb yield from 2059 (Ramhormaoz landrace) to 12090 kg ha-1 (Soolan landrace), Allicin yield from 4. 9 (Ramhormoz landrace) to 53 kg ha-1 (Ali Abad landrace), bulb weight from 12. 8 (Ramhormoz landrace) to 48 g (Bardsir landrace) and bulb diameter from 28 (Isfahan landrace) to 35 mm (Hossein Abad landrace), which are necessary for breeding programs. It is also confirmed that the adapted landraces from one region may have acceptable production in other regions. According to the present results, landraces from Oromyeh (10866 kg/ha), Arak (9941 kg/ha) and Bardsir (11444kg/ha) produced high yield in Hamedan climatic condition, so that the maximum allicin content were produced by landraces from Ali Abad (53 kg/ha), Maryanaj (51 kg/ha) and Oromyeh (51 kg/ha). Allicin content is calculated based on the bulb yield, and enzymatic pyruvic acid content and its molar relationship with allicin. In the recommended equilibrium of chemical reaction, the alliin coefficient on the one side is two and the coefficients of allicin and pyruvic acid on the other side are two and one, respectively. Bulb weight directly and crown diameter indirectly had highly correlation with bulb yield; and leaf area index, harvest index, bulb diameter and dry weight of plant leaf showed a high correlation with allicin content. The cluster analysis used standardized traits to divide landraces into two main groups as suitable and unsuitable sets to plant under Hamadan climatic conditions. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it is recommended that Oromyeh, Soolan and Heidareh landraces can be used as valuable populations for breeding and introducing the suitable cultivars for Hamedan climatic condition through single-bulb selection method. Characteristics with easy and low cost assessment, such as crown diameter, leaf area index, bulb diameter under field condition; and after harvest measurements, such as bulb weight, harvest index, dry weight of plant leaf traits can also be considered as suitable selection indicators in breeding programs. Thirdly, the current study indicated that the cost of preserving garlic germplasm resources can be decreased by reducing the amount of stored materials, without the significant decline in genetic diversity.

The Glide Path altitude adjustment system is one of the tools of the landing navigation system (ILS) that helps the airplane to find its angle related to the runway by sending radio signals. It is done by sending two signals with a predetermined radiation pattern. The ratio of these two signals is used to find the elevation angle. The behavior of the electromagnetic wave sent from the system and its reflection from the ground causes the transmitted pattern to be distorted. This effect, known as the ground effect, is very important in transmitting antenna signals' accurate weight and phase shift. In this paper, the pattern of the transmitted pattern of the G/P system is modeled by considering the ground reflection, and several real systems are simulated.

Background & Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the major causes of occupational disease in the work places.Prevention of these disorders requires assessment and improvement of working conditions by ergonomics techniques.This study aimed to assess ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders construction worker using Path.Material & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study.Work status of 60 construction workers were evaluated using the Path. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 statistical software and presented with general linear model and descriptive statics.Results: from three successive jobs of building Foundation, hard work and joinery have been selected. Labors age was 30.8±10.4 years and the average work experience was 10.6±5.6 years. The trunk posture in the work procedures of the study showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.001).Trunk and legs status assessment showed that neutral state labors make up about 50% of the time. In most jobs, about 80% of labors work in a neutral position and about 51% of labors did not bearing weight during their work.Conclusion: Further studies aimed at assessing job offers, ergonomic tools and design tools and teaching labors in proper lifting techniques can be effective in reducing musculoskeletal disorders.